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揭曉！《稀有金屬材料與工程》“2024年度最美封面”評選結(jié)果公布！
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封面論文

Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金熱變形行為研究
乏燃料后處理強酸、強氧化性、強放射性的工作環(huán)境,對后處理溶解器選材、加工工藝提出了嚴苛要求。本論文研究了自主設(shè)計Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金在670 ~ 750 ℃溫度范圍、三種不同應(yīng)變速率0.01、0.1和1 s-1條件下的熱壓縮變形行為,分析了熱壓縮過程中該合金的微觀組織特征,并基于峰值應(yīng)力構(gòu)建了其熱變形本構(gòu)模型。結(jié)果表明,應(yīng)變速率和變形溫度對Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金熱變形過程具有顯著影響,流變應(yīng)力隨應(yīng)變速率增加而增大,隨變形溫度的增加而減小,達到峰值應(yīng)力后流變曲線呈現(xiàn)明顯動態(tài)再結(jié)晶特征；提高變形溫度有助于發(fā)生動態(tài)再結(jié)晶和晶粒長大；基于Arrhenius本構(gòu)方程計算得到Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金的熱變形激活能為225.8 kJ/mol,硬化指數(shù)為5.62，說明合金元素Ti使鋯合金的熱變形激活能升高；實驗值與預(yù)測值之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.97,平均相對誤差為6.15%,證實此本構(gòu)方程預(yù)測Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金流變應(yīng)力的準確性,能夠為新型鋯合金熱加工工藝優(yōu)化提供理論指導(dǎo)。
Zr合金表面電沉積Ni/Cr涂層的高溫氧化行為研究
日本福島核事故后，耐事故燃料（Accident Tolerant Fuel, ATF）包殼技術(shù)引起業(yè)界廣泛關(guān)注。在核反應(yīng)堆堆芯核燃料包殼用鋯（Zr）合金表面包覆Cr涂層被認為是短期內(nèi)最有可能投入商業(yè)應(yīng)用的技術(shù)。目前多數(shù)Cr涂層的制備方法存在設(shè)備昂貴負責(zé)、沉積速率偏低、形狀適應(yīng)性偏弱等缺點，而熔鹽電沉積技術(shù)具有陰極電流效率高、電沉積速度快、基體形狀適應(yīng)性強等優(yōu)點，有望解決包殼Zr合金表面高質(zhì)量Cr涂層的高效低成本制備難題。為實現(xiàn)Zr合金表面Cr涂層的熔鹽電沉積制備，本文采用水溶液電沉積和熔鹽電沉積方法依次在Zr合金基體表面制備Ni過渡層和Cr涂層，對制備得到的Zr/Ni/Cr試樣進行組織結(jié)構(gòu)表征、結(jié)合力和納米硬度測試及高溫氧化行為研究。結(jié)果表明，Zr合金表面的Ni/Cr涂層均勻致密，與基體間的結(jié)合力約為151 N。Zr/Ni/Cr從內(nèi)到外各層的硬度和彈性模量均逐漸升高，呈準梯度過渡。其中Cr涂層的表面粗糙度約為2 μm，硬度和彈性模量分別為2.86 GPa和172.86 GPa。Zr/Ni/Cr試樣在1000℃和1200℃高溫蒸汽氧化過程中分別表現(xiàn)出近拋物線和近線性規(guī)律，表明Ni/Cr涂層能夠在1000℃下對Zr合金基體起到良好的保護效果。Zr合金表面Ni/Cr涂層的高溫氧化失效機制與Ni過渡層的快速擴散、Cr層的氧化和擴散消耗以及Zr沿Cr晶界快速擴散導(dǎo)致的Cr層性能弱化密切相關(guān)。
Thermal Stability and Thermoplastic Formability of Pd20Pt20Cu20Ni20P20 High Entropy Metallic Glass
Thermal stability and thermo-mechanical properties of Pd20Pt20Cu20Ni20P20 high entropy metallic glass (HEMG) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and thermomechanical analysis. Results show that compared with other classical precious metal-based metallic glasses, Pd20Pt20Cu20Ni20P20 HEMG presents comparable performance with distinct characteristics.
Effect of Mo on Microstructure and Properties of AlCoCrFeNiMox High Entropy Alloy Coatings Prepared by Laser Cladding
AlCoCrFeNiMox (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) high entropy alloy (HEA) coatings were prepared by laser cladding method. The effect of Mo content on the microstructure, hardness, and corrosion resistance of the coatings was studied. Results show that with increasing the Mo content, the microstructure is changed from (Al, Ni)-rich body-centered cubic (bcc) phase (Mo-Cr-Fe)-rich σ phase into (Fe, Ni)-rich bcc phase (Mo-Cr-Fe)-rich σ phase (Al-Fe-Mo)-rich σ phase a little AlN (aluminum nitride). Additionally, the coating hardness (HV1) is increased from 6514.4 MPa to 10652.6 MPa. With increasing the Mo addition, the self-corrosion potential of the coating in 3.5wt% NaCl solution is also increased. The coating presents the optimal corrosion resistance at x=1.0.
Deposition Behavior of HVOF Sprayed WC-12Co Particles on AA7075
Abstract: WC-12Co particles were deposited on polished AA7075 (7075 aluminum alloy) substrate by HVOF (high velocity oxy-fuel) spraying. The microstructure, composition and hardness of the deposits were analyzed by SEM, EDS and nanoindentation hardness tester, respectively. The deposition behavior of six types of particles in three different molten states, including non-molten, semi-molten, and molten particles, was investigated. Results show that different types of particles have great impact on the substrate, which makes the AA7075 substrate deform or causes tears. The surface morphology and cross-sectional morphology of the deposits are different from those of the original powder. The surface of the deposits exhibits certain melting characteristics, and the cross-section is relatively dense. The semi-molten particles and molten particles generate some tearing to the substrate, and have a metallurgical bonding with the substrate to form a mutual meting zone. After the deposition of the particles, a hardened layer is formed on substrate surface with a thickness about 5 μm, and there is a certain gradient change in the hardness. The hardness near the surface is 3420 MPa, which is 1.56 times higher than that of the substrate (2200 MPa). The increase in hardness is originated from two factors: the peening effect of particles at high temperature and high speed, and the work hardening caused by particle extruding substrate. Key words:HVOF;AA 7075;deposition behavior;melt;metallurgical bond;harden layer
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Titanium Alloy Welded Joint by Laser Welding with Flux-Cored Wire
Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy plate was welded by a laser beam with self-developed titanium alloy flux-cored wire. The welded joint was solution treated at 920 °C for 1 h and aging treated at 650 °C for 2 h, and its microstructure and properties were compared with those of the as-welded joint. The results show that the heat-treated welded joint is composed of a typical tri-modal microstructure containing αp phase, αs phase colony, and αgb phase, as well as punctate distributed residue β phase. α' martensite microstructure in the as-welded joint is not found in the heat-treated joint, which makes the strength, plasticity, and toughness well balanced and maintained. The strength of the heat-treated welded joint is reduced, while elongation and impact toughness at room temperature are enhanced. The tensile fracture of the heat-treated welded joint is surrounded by massive shear lips. The dimples are deep and uniform, presenting as microvoid coalescence ductile fracture. In the as-welded joint, the proportion of large-angle grain boundaries with misorientation between grains in the weld zone greater than 15° accounts for 83.78%, and in the heat-treated welded joint, the proportion is about 90.21%. Through XRD test, it is discovered that the as-welded weld is mainly composed of α' martensite, with a small amount of extremely weak multi-angle α phase diffraction peak. In the heat-treated weld, the central angle position of α phase diffraction peak is consistent with that of α' martensite in the as-welded weld, with a sharp β phase (110) diffraction peak observed as well.
Uniform Elongation and Yield-Drop Phenomenon in Magnetically Annealed 1050 Aluminum Alloy Prepared by CryoECAP
The ultrafine grained (UFG) 1050 aluminum alloy was prepared by equal channel angular pressing at cryogenic temperature, namely cryoECAP process. The tensile behavior and microstructures of UFG 1050 aluminum alloy after annealing at 90–210 °C for 4 h without and with high magnetic field of 12 T were investigated by tensile tests, transmission electron microscope, and electron backscattered diffraction analyses. After cryoECAP and annealing treatments, the 1050 aluminum alloy has ultrafine grains with 0.7–1.28 μm in size, the ratio of ultimate tensile strength to yield strength is less than 1.24, and the uniform elongation is less than 2.3%. With increasing the annealing temperature from 90 °C to 210 °C, the yield-drop phenomenon becomes more obvious due to the decrease in mobile dislocations to maintain the applied strain rate during tensile deformation. The uniform elongation decreases from 1.55% to 0.55%, the dislocation density reduces from 5.6×1014 m-2 to 4.2×1013 m-2, and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries (HABs) increases from 63.8% to 70.8%. These phenomena cause the higher annihilation rate of dislocations, thereby leading to the degradation of strain hardening effect. During annealing under high magnetic field at 90–210 °C, the low fraction of HABs (61.7%–66.2%) can provide a slower annihilation rate of dislocations, therefore resulting in the higher uniform elongation (0.64%–1.60%) and slower decrease in the flow stress after the yield peak.
Effect of Primary α-Phase on Micro-area Plastic Deformation of Ti6242s Alloy Under Dwell Fatigue
The relationship between microstructure characteristics and fatigue properties of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si (Ti6242s) alloy was investigated. According to the microstructure quantitative analysis results, the solution treatments at different temperatures have an obvious effect on the proportion and morphology of primary α-phase. The changes in microstructure characteristics slightly influence the tensile property and low-cycle fatigue property of Ti6242s alloy at room temperature, whereas the dwell fatigue life and the fatigue sensitivity index are sensitive to these changes. Additionally, it is verified that the relatively strong stress concentration and inhomogeneous micro-area plastic deformation occur in the Ti6242s alloy under dwell fatigue load. Moreover, the characteristics of small plane regions and the surrounding quasi-cleavage regions in the Ti6242s alloy under dwell fatigue load at room temperature are formed through the analysis of fatigue failure fracture morphologies. The related experiment results are in good agreement with the stress-strain distribution characterizations of microstructures of equiaxed primary α-phase and the surrounding soft phase/grain. Accordingly, the relatively low inhomogeneous micro-area plastic deformation in the alloy with equiaxed primary α-phase of low volume fraction is beneficial to reduce the probability of crack initiation and can delay crack propagation, thus improving the dwell fatigue property.

封面論文

納米花狀CuS作為鎂離子電池正極材料
何元泰, 吳量, 史永安, 鐘志永, 姚文輝, 潘復(fù)生
摘要：在水熱合成過程中加入表面活性劑十六烷基三甲基溴化銨（CTAB），調(diào)節(jié)乙二醇的用量為50vol%，合成了鎂離子電池正極材料CuS-C50。結(jié)果表明：CuS-C50具有完整的納米花狀結(jié)構(gòu)，在氯化鋁-季戊四醇四甲醚/四氫呋喃（APC/THF）電解液中，當(dāng)電流密度為50 mA/g時，其比容量高達331.19 mAh/g；當(dāng)電流密度為200 mA/g時，其比容量在50次循環(huán)后仍保持136.92 mAh/g。形貌表征結(jié)果表明，完整的納米花狀結(jié)構(gòu)可以提供更多的活性位點，減少Mg²⁺的移動障礙，最終提高鎂離子電池CuS正極材料的充放電性能。
Zr/CoCrFeMnNi HEA釬焊接頭界面組織與力學(xué)性能研究
杜鵬, 宋曉國, 龍偉民, 卞紅, 秦建, 孫華為, 姜楠
摘要：采用AgCu釬料實現(xiàn)了Zr合金與CoCrFeMnNi HEA之間的釬焊連接。研究了釬焊溫度與保溫時間對接頭顯微組織演化與力學(xué)性能的影響規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明：在釬焊溫度為850 ℃，保溫時間為10 min的條件下，接頭界面的典型微觀組織為：HEA/Cr_ss/Zr(Cr,Mn)₂/Zr₂(Co,Cu,Ni,Fe)+Zr₂(Ag,Cu)+Zr(Cr,Mn)₂/Zr，接頭的平均抗剪切強度最高可達103.1 MPa。隨著釬焊溫度的升高或保溫時間的增加，擴散反應(yīng)區(qū)內(nèi)的富Cr基固溶體層和Zr(Cr,Mn)₂層厚度增厚，釬縫中心區(qū)內(nèi)Zr₂(Co,Cu,Ni,Fe)相和Zr(Cr,Mn)₂相含量增多，Zr₂(Ag,Cu)相所占比例減小。最后，分析了接頭的失效機制，在剪切力的作用下，隨著釬焊溫度和保溫時間的增加，接頭的斷裂位置從擴散反應(yīng)區(qū)的Zr(Cr,Mn)₂層轉(zhuǎn)移到釬縫中心區(qū)的Zr₂(Co,Cu,Ni,Fe)脆性相斷裂。
金屬密封軟金屬和基體界面過渡層特征
張大偉, 張學(xué)開, 曹子軒, 葛子逸, 呂世昌, 李智軍, 趙升噸, 胡陽虎
摘要：帶有軟金屬鍍層的自緊式金屬密封廣泛應(yīng)用于高溫、低溫、高壓等復(fù)雜工況。研究軟金屬鍍層和高溫合金基體界面過渡層特征及結(jié)合強度對提升密封性能和金屬密封工作全過程建模與簡化具有重要意義。采用試驗方法研究了不同軟金屬鍍層材料及厚度組合下軟金屬和基體界面元素分布特征和鍍層-基體結(jié)合強度。結(jié)果表明：軟金屬鍍層厚度對GH4169-Cu、GH4169-Ag和Cu-Ag界面形貌幾乎沒有影響，但對不同金屬之間的過渡層厚度有影響；隨著鍍層厚度增加，該影響減弱，鍍層厚度大于30 μm后，過渡層厚度穩(wěn)定在2 μm左右。劃格試驗表明Cu、Ag和Cu-Ag復(fù)合鍍層與基體GH4169均結(jié)合較好。軟金屬材料對過渡層特征和鍍層劃格試驗后表面特征有顯著影響。
激光沉積預(yù)混合的近α鈦合金和Ti₂AlNb合金粉末中成分偏析與層錯誘導(dǎo)亞晶結(jié)構(gòu)形成
劉娜, 趙張龍, 劉郁麗, 馮凱凱, 查小暉, 李璞, 徐文馨, 楊海鷗, 賴運金
摘要：通過激光沉積在近α鈦合金基板上制備了不同比例的預(yù)混合近α鈦合金和Ti₂AlNb合金粉末，并對2種粉末的微觀組織演變和結(jié)構(gòu)特征進行了分析和討論。結(jié)果表明，Ti₂AlNb含量在40%（質(zhì)量分數(shù)，下同）以上的激光沉積預(yù)混合鈦合金粉末的等軸B2晶粒內(nèi)形成了許多河流狀亞晶粒結(jié)構(gòu)，而Ti₂AlNb含量在40%以下的粗柱狀β晶粒內(nèi)則呈現(xiàn)針狀結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是，降低激光功率和掃描速度可以促進亞晶粒結(jié)構(gòu)的形成?；趯嶒灲Y(jié)果的分析可以推斷出，這種亞晶粒結(jié)構(gòu)的形成不僅與亞晶界成分微偏析導(dǎo)致的O相析出有關(guān)，還與激光沉積過程中內(nèi)應(yīng)力誘導(dǎo)的堆垛層錯密不可分。
固溶處理對TB18鈦合金微觀組織和力學(xué)性能影響規(guī)律研究
劉向宏, 趙寧, 王濤, 康家瑞, 楊晶, 李少強, 杜予晅
摘要：亞穩(wěn)β型TB18鈦合金具有較高的固溶-時效強化效應(yīng)和良好的強度韌性匹配潛力,成為制備先進航空構(gòu)件的優(yōu)選材料。通過研究經(jīng)過不同固溶溫度、固溶時間、固溶后緩冷熱處理后TB18鈦合金的微觀組織和力學(xué)性能變化規(guī)律,闡明固溶處理對TB18鈦合金微觀組織-力學(xué)性能間交互作用的影響機理。結(jié)果表明,經(jīng)過β單相區(qū)固溶和時效處理后,β基體中析出片層和針狀αs相,片層狀αs相有利于提升TB18鈦合金的韌性,片層厚度越大,TB18鈦合金的斷裂韌性越好。固溶溫度過高或固溶保溫時間過長將導(dǎo)致TB18鈦合金β晶粒發(fā)生粗化,使材料強度和塑性下降。將固溶后緩冷冷卻速率由0.25 ℃/min提升至1 ℃/min,經(jīng)過時效處理的TB18鈦合金內(nèi)分布均勻細密的αs相,抗拉強度提高達到1343 MPa,延伸率為5.0%。當(dāng)固溶制度為870 ℃/2 h/Air cooling(AC)時,TB18鈦合金可在530 ℃/4 h/AC條件下時效后獲得良好的強韌性匹配,抗拉強度為1315 MPa,屈服強度為1225 MPa,延伸率為8.5%,沖擊韌性為29.2 J/cm2，斷裂韌度值為88.4 MPa.m1/2。
Zr合金表面電沉積Ni/Cr涂層的高溫氧化行為研究
朱利安, 袁偉超, 王淑祥, 王震, 葉益聰, 白書欣
摘要：日本福島核事故后，耐事故燃料（Accident Tolerant Fuel, ATF）包殼技術(shù)引起業(yè)界廣泛關(guān)注。在核反應(yīng)堆堆芯核燃料包殼用鋯（Zr）合金表面包覆Cr涂層被認為是短期內(nèi)最有可能投入商業(yè)應(yīng)用的技術(shù)。目前多數(shù)Cr涂層的制備方法存在設(shè)備昂貴負責(zé)、沉積速率偏低、形狀適應(yīng)性偏弱等缺點，而熔鹽電沉積技術(shù)具有陰極電流效率高、電沉積速度快、基體形狀適應(yīng)性強等優(yōu)點，有望解決包殼Zr合金表面高質(zhì)量Cr涂層的高效低成本制備難題。為實現(xiàn)Zr合金表面Cr涂層的熔鹽電沉積制備，本文采用水溶液電沉積和熔鹽電沉積方法依次在Zr合金基體表面制備Ni過渡層和Cr涂層，對制備得到的Zr/Ni/Cr試樣進行組織結(jié)構(gòu)表征、結(jié)合力和納米硬度測試及高溫氧化行為研究。結(jié)果表明，Zr合金表面的Ni/Cr涂層均勻致密，與基體間的結(jié)合力約為151 N。Zr/Ni/Cr從內(nèi)到外各層的硬度和彈性模量均逐漸升高，呈準梯度過渡。其中Cr涂層的表面粗糙度約為2 μm，硬度和彈性模量分別為2.86 GPa和172.86 GPa。Zr/Ni/Cr試樣在1000℃和1200℃高溫蒸汽氧化過程中分別表現(xiàn)出近拋物線和近線性規(guī)律，表明Ni/Cr涂層能夠在1000℃下對Zr合金基體起到良好的保護效果。Zr合金表面Ni/Cr涂層的高溫氧化失效機制與Ni過渡層的快速擴散、Cr層的氧化和擴散消耗以及Zr沿Cr晶界快速擴散導(dǎo)致的Cr層性能弱化密切相關(guān)。
連續(xù)激光燒蝕作用下Ti-6Al與Ti-48Al合金表面的溫度場
孫若晨, 弭光寶
摘要：鈦合金的高溫阻燃性能是制約其在航空發(fā)動機中應(yīng)用的重要因素，而激光點火法能夠精確反映鈦合金在局部加熱時的阻燃性能。在Ti-6Al與Ti-48Al的溫度場研究中，通過鈦合金激光點火實驗表征了溫度場演化特性，同時在微觀瞬態(tài)機制分析中引入了分子動力學(xué)（MD）模擬與JMatPro計算等方法。結(jié)果表明：在激光連續(xù)照射下，Ti-Al系合金表面首先形成熔池，熔池溫度場從中心到邊緣呈正態(tài)分布。當(dāng)中心溫度達到起燃臨界點時，產(chǎn)生擴展燃燒，擴展燃燒路徑沿氣流方向推進。與Ti-6Al相比，Ti-48Al合金在激光燒蝕下的阻燃性能更高。這是由于Ti-48Al具有更高的傳熱性能，導(dǎo)致光斑溫度場邊界附近的熱集中效應(yīng)減弱，因此需要增加氧分壓，降低合金起燃點，才能在同等激光熱源下達到Ti-48Al合金的起燃邊界條件。另外在擴展燃燒路徑方面，MD模型顯示試件存在邊界熱集中效應(yīng)，這揭示了除氣流方向之外的另一種擴展燃燒路徑影響機制，即激光光斑產(chǎn)生的熱量傳導(dǎo)至臨近邊界時中斷，在邊界附近產(chǎn)生熱量集中，因此燃燒路徑亦傾向于沿該方向擴展。
微觀組織結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)控提高純鋯在多種環(huán)境下的耐腐蝕性能
夏超群, 李可, 崔紫堯, 宋天朔, 吳鑫雨, 劉曙光, 鄒顯睿, 張士良, 楊泰, 李強
摘要：研究了不同晶粒尺寸的純鋯（Zr）在酸、堿、鹽環(huán)境中的腐蝕性能。采用光學(xué)顯微鏡、X射線衍射儀和電子背散射衍射探針對純Zr的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)進行觀察。采用電化學(xué)腐蝕試驗和浸泡試驗分析純鋯的耐腐蝕性能。結(jié)果表明：800 ℃退火不同時間可獲得尺寸為 4~32 μm的純Zr，晶粒尺寸與時間的關(guān)系為D³-D₀³=3.35t。電化學(xué)腐蝕和浸泡腐蝕試驗表明，晶粒尺寸約為24 μm的純Zr（800 ℃退火20 h）具有最佳的耐腐蝕性能。