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Since the magnesium and magnesium alloys have good load transmission, exceptional biosafety, unique biodegradability, etc, they have significant application possibilities in the field of medical implantation. Furthermore, excellent corrosion resistance is one of the paramount prerequisites for magnesium and magnesium alloys as medical implants. However, magnesium alloys exhibit poor corrosion resistance, leading to rapid degradation in physiological environments due to high corrosion rates. This premature degradation, before completing their intended service life, compromises their structural integrity, severely limiting their clinical applications. Surface modification treatment of magnesium alloy to improve corrosion resistance has become a research hotspot of medical magnesium alloy. This study primarily focused on the research advancements in the corrosion resistance enhancement of medical magnesium alloys. The developmental trajectory and characteristics of medical magnesium alloys were outlined. Additionally, surface modification techniques such as micro-arc oxidation and ion implantation, as well as microstructure and properties of magnesium alloy surfaces after surface modification were reviewed. The formation mechanisms of various coatings were discussed, and their structures and properties were analyzed. The impact of coatings on the degradation rate of magnesium alloys was elucidated, aiming to identify key issues and potential solutions in the implementation and application of surface modification for medical magnesium alloys. Recommendations were also provided, presenting the research directions for surface modification of medical magnesium alloys.